Table of contents

Airway management

• Airway anatomy
• Airway assessment
• Aspiration under anesthesia
• Difficult airway algorithm
• Endobronchial intubation (Redirects: Mainstem intubation)
• Preoxygenation
• Transtracheal ventilation

Airway equipment

• Bag valve mask (Redirects: Ambu bag, BVM)
• Bougie
• Breathing circuits (Redirects: Ayre's T-piece, Bain system, Jackson-Rees, Lack system, Magill system, Mapleson A, Mapleson B, Mapleson C, Mapleson D, Mapleson E, Mapleson F, Waters bag)
• Bronchial blocker

Endotracheal tube

Redirects: ETT

• Double-lumen endotracheal tube (Redirects: DLT, Double-lumen endobronchial tube)
• Electromyographic endotracheal tube (Redirects: EMG ETT, NIM EMG ETT)
• Microlaryngeal endotracheal tube (Redirects: Microlaryngoscopy tube, MLT)
• Reinforced endotracheal tube (Redirects: Armored endotracheal tube, Wire-reinforced endotracheal tube)
• Ring-Adair-Elwyn endotracheal tube (Redirects: Nasal RAE, Oral RAE, RAE ETT)

Laryngoscope blades

• Macintosh laryngoscope blade (Redirects: MAC)
• Miller laryngoscope blade (Redirects: Miller)
• Wis-Hipple laryngoscope blade (Redirects: Miller)

• Laser-resistant endotracheal tube (Redirects: Laser ETT)
• Lighted stylet (Redirects: Lightwand)
• Magill forceps

Supplemental oxygen

• Nasal cannula
• Non-rebreather mask
• High-flow nasal cannula (Redirects: HFNC)

Supraglottic airway

Redirects: SGA

• Combitube (Redirects: Esophageal-tracheal double-lumen tube)

Laryngeal mask airway

Redirects: LMA

• LMA Fastrach (Redirects: Intubating LMA)
• LMA ProSeal
• LMA Unique
• LMA Supreme
• I-gel LMA (Redirects: IGel LMA)

• Laryngeal tube (Redirects: King LT)
• Nasopharyngeal airway (Redirects: Nasal airway)
• Oropharyngeal airway (Redirects: Oral airway)

Video laryngoscopes

• C-Mac
• Glidescope

• Yankauer suction tip

Airway procedures

Endotracheal intubation

Redirects: Intubation

• Asleep fiberoptic intubation
• Awake fiberoptic intubation
• Nasal intubation
• Oral intubation

• Cricothyrotomy (Redirects: Cric, Crike, Thyrocricotomy, Cricothyroidotomy, Needle cricothyrotomy)

Laryngoscopy

• Direct laryngoscopy (Redirects: DL)
• Indirect laryngoscopy (Redirects: Fiberoptic laryngoscopy, VL, Video laryngoscopy)

• Tracheotomy (Redirects: Trach, Tracheostomy)

• Pediatric airway management

One lung ventilation

• Bronchial blocker
• Double-lumen endotracheal tube

Anatomy and physiology

• Acid-base homeostasis
• Cerebral physiology
• Consciousness
• Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology
• Gastrointestinal physiology
• Hepatic physiology
• Renal physiology
• Respiratory physiology

Intraoperative emergencies

• Amniotic fluid embolism (Redirects: AFE)
• Anaphylaxis
• Asystole
• Bradycardia (intraoperative emergency)
• Bronchospasm
• Cardiac arrest
• Malignant Hyperthermia
• Pulseless electrical activity (Redirects: PEA arrest)
• Ventricular fibrillation (Redirects: VF, Vfib)
• Ventricular tachycardia (Redirects: Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Torsades de pointes, VT, Vtach)

Intraoperative monitoring

• Arterial blood pressure (Redirects: ABP)
• Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (Redirects: BAEPs)
• Capnography (Redirects: End-tidal CO2, EtCO2)
• Central venous pressure (Redirects: CVP)
• Cerebral oximetry (Redirects: ScO2)
• Core temperature

Echocardiography

• Transesophageal echocardiography (Redirects: TEE)
• Transthoracic echocardiography (Redirects: TTE)

• Electrocardiography (Redirects: 5-lead electrocardiogram, ECG)
• Electroencephalography (Redirects: BIS, Bispectral index, EEG, Entropy monitoring, Patient state index, PSI, SedLine, Spectral edge frequency)
• Intracranial pressure (Redirects: ICP)
• Motor evoked potentials (Redirects: MEPs)
• Pleth variability index (Redirects: PVI)
• Pulse oximetry (Redirects: Plethysmography, SpO2)
• Pulse pressure variation (Redirects: PPV)
• Precordial doppler
• Pulmonary artery pressure (Redirects: PAP)
• Somatosensory evoked potentials (Redirects: SSEPs)
• Peripheral IV (Redirects: IV, Large bore IV, PIV)
• Urine output (Redirects: UOP)
• Visual evoked potentials (Redirects: VEPs)

Neuraxial and regional anesthesia

Neuraxial anesthesia

• Caudal anesthesia
• Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia (Redirects: CSE)
• Epidural anesthesia (Redirects: Epidural)
• Post-dural-puncture headache (Redirects: PDPH)
• Spinal anesthesia (Redirects: Spinal)
• Local anesthetics
• Local anesthetic adjuvants

Regional anesthesia

• Bier block

Head and neck nerve blocks

• Scalp block

Lower extremity nerve blocks

• Femoral nerve block
• Popliteal nerve block
• Saphenous nerve block

Upper extremity nerve blocks

Brachial plexus blocks

• Interscalene block
• Supraclavicular block
• Infraclavicular block
• Axillary block

• Cervical plexus block
• Digital block
• Wrist block

• Local anesthetics
• Local anesthetic adjuvants

Pathophysiology

Acid-base disorders

Metabolic acidosis

Redirects: Anion gap metabolic acidosis, High anion gap metabolic acidosis, Nongap metabolic acidosis, Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

Anion gap metabolic acidosis

• Ketoacidosis (Redirects: Alcoholic ketoacidosis, Diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA)
• Lactic acidosis

Nongap metabolic acidosis

• Hyperchloremic acidosis
• Renal tubular acidosis (Redirects: Distal renal tubular acidosis, Proximal renal tubular acidosis, RTA)

• Metabolic alkalosis (Redirects: Contraction alkalosis)
• Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis

Autoimmune disorders

• Evans syndrome

Cardiovascular disorders

• Acute coronary syndrome (Redirects: MI, Myocardial infarction, Unstable angina)
• Angina pectoris (Redirects: Prinzmetal's angina, Stable angina)
• Aortic aneurysm (Redirects: AAA, Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Thoracic aortic aneurysm, TAA, Triple A)
• Aortic dissection (Redirects: Type A dissection, Type B dissection)
• Aortic rupture
• Arteriovenous malformation (Redirects: AVM, Cerebral arteriovenous malformation, Cerebral AVM)
• Brugada syndrome

Cardiac arrhythmias

• Asystole
• Atrial fibrillation (Redirects: Afib)
• Atrial flutter (Redirects: Aflutter)
• Bradycardia (Redirects: Sinus bradycardia)
• Drug-induced QT prolongation (Redirects: QT prolongation)

Heart block

Redirects: Atrioventricular block, AV block, SA block, Sinoatrial block

Bundle branch block

Redirects: Bifascicular block

• Left anterior fascicular block (Redirects: LAFB)
• Left bundle branch block (Redirects: LBBB)
• Left posterior fascicular block (Redirects: LPFB)
• Right bundle branch block (Redirects: RBBB)

• First-degree atrioventricular block (Redirects: 1st-degree atrioventricular block)
• Second-degree atrioventricular block (Redirects: 2nd-degree atrioventricular block, Mobitz I, Mobitz II, Wenckebach block)
• Third-degree atrioventricular block (Redirects: 3rd-degree atrioventricular block, Complete heart block, Trifascicular block)

• Junctional rhythm
• Long QT syndrome (Redirects: Romano-Ward syndrome)

Premature contraction

• Premature atrial contraction (Redirects: PAC)
• Premature junctional contraction (Redirects: PJC)
• Premature ventricular contraction (Redirects: PVC)

• Pulseless electrical activity
• Sick sinus syndrome (Redirects: Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome)

Tachycardia

Supraventricular tachycardia

Redirects: SVT

• Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (Redirects: AVRT)
• AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia (Redirects: AVNRT)
• Multifocal atrial tachycardia
• Sinus tachycardia

• Ventricular tachycardia

• Ventricular fibrillation
• Wandering atrial pacemaker
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (Redirects: WPW)

• Cardiac tamponade

Cardiomyopathy

• Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Redirects: HOCM)
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Redirects: Broken heart syndrome, Stress cardiomyopathy)
• Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

Cardiomegaly

• Left atrial enlargement (Redirects: LAE)
• Left ventricular hypertrophy (Redirects: LVH)
• Right atrial enlargement (Redirects: RAE)
• Right ventricular hypertrophy (Redirects: RVH)

Congenital heart defects

• Absent pulmonary valve syndrome

Aortopulmonary septal defects

• Aortopulmonary window
• Double outlet right ventricle (Redirects: DORV)
• Persistent truncus arteriosus (Redirects: PTA)
• Taussig-Bing syndrome
• Transposition of the great vessels (Redirects: d-TGA, dextro-Transposition of the great arteries, l-TGA, levo-Transposition of the great arteries, TGA, TGV)

• Atrial septal defect (Redirects: ASD, Sinus venosus atrial septal defect)
• Atrioventricular septal defect (Redirects: Atrioventricular canal defect, Endocardial cushion defect, AVSD, Ostium primum atrial septal defect)
• Bicuspid aortic valve
• Cor triatriatum
• Coronary artery anomaly (Redirects: AAOCA, Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery)
• Crisscross heart
• Dextrocardia
• Ebstein's anomaly
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
• Hypoplastic right heart syndrome (Redirects: Uhl anomaly)
• Lutembacher's syndrome
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Ventricular inversion
• Ventricular septal defect (Redirects: VSD)

Congenital vascular malformations

• Aberrant subclavian artery
• Anomalous pulmonary venous connection (Redirects: Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, Scimitar syndrome, Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection)
• Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
• Coarctation of the aorta
• Congenital stenosis of vena cava
• Double aortic arch
• Interrupted aortic arch
• Overriding aorta
• Patent ductus arteriosus (Redirects: PDA)
• Persistent left superior vena cava
• Pulmonary atresia
• Right-sided aortic arch
• Stenosis of pulmonary artery
• Vascular ring

• Coronary artery disease (Redirects: CAD)
• Coronary steal syndrome (Redirects: Cardiac steal syndrome)
• Endocarditis (Redirects: Acute bacterial endocarditis, Infective endocarditis, Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, Subacute bacterial endocarditis)

Heart failure

Redirects: Biventricular heart failure, CHF, Congestive heart failure, Left-sided heart failure, Right-sided heart failure

• Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (Redirects: HFrEF, Systolic heart failure)
• Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (Redirects: HFpEF, Diastolic dysfunction, Diastolic heart failure)
• Pulmonary heart disease

• Hypertension (comorbidity) (Redirects: Essential hypertension, HTN)
• Pericardial effusion
• Pericarditis
• Peripheral artery disease (Redirects: PAD)
• Pulmonary heart disease (Redirects: Cor pulmonale)
• Pulmonary hypertension (Redirects: PAH, PH, Pulmonary arterial hypertension)

Shock

• Cardiogenic shock
• Obstructive shock
• Distributive shock (Redirects: Septic shock)

Valvular heart disease

• Aortic stenosis (Redirects: AS)
• Aortic regurgitation (Redirects: Aortic insufficiency, AR)
• Mitral stenosis
• Mitral regurgitation (Redirects: Mitral insufficiency, MR)
• Mitral valve prolapse (Redirects: MVP)
• Pulmonary valve stenosis
• Pulmonary valve regurgitation (Redirects: Pulmonary valve insufficiency)
• Tricuspid stenosis (Redirects: TS)
• Tricuspid regurgitation (Redirects: Tricuspid insufficiency, TR)

Cerebrovascular disorders

• Anterior spinal artery syndrome (Redirects: Beck's syndrome)
• Carotid artery stenosis
• Moyamoya disease
• Epidural hematoma
• Intracranial aneurysm (Redirects: Berry aneurysm, Saccular aneurysm)
• Intracranial hemorrhage (Redirects: Intracerebral hemorrhage, Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, Intraventricular hemorrhage, SAH, Subarachnoid hemorrhage)
• Stroke (Redirects: Cerebral infarction, Cerebrovascular accident, CVA, Hemorrhagic stroke, Ischemic stroke)
• Subdural hematoma (Redirects: SDH)
• Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (Redirects: Subclavian steal syndrome, VBI)

Electrolyte disorders

• Hypercalcemia
• Hyperkalemia
• Hypernatremia
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypokalemia
• Hyponatremia (Redirects: Hypotonic hyponatremia, Isotonic hyponatremia)

Endocrine disorders

• Acromegaly
• Adrenal insufficiency (Redirects: Addison's disease)
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Cushing's syndrome
• Diabetes insipidus

Diabetes mellitus

• Gestational diabetes
• Type 1 diabetes (Redirects: DM1, T1D)
• Type 2 diabetes (Redirects: DM2, T2D)

• Hyperaldosteronism (Redirects: Bartter syndrome, Conn syndrome)
• Hyperlipidemia (Redirects: HLD)
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism (Redirects: Graves' disease, Thyrotoxicosis)
• Hypoaldosteronism
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Hypothyroidism (Redirects: Cretinism, Euthyroid sick syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Myxedema)
• Kallmann syndrome
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia (Redirects: Sipple syndrome, Wagenmann-Froboese syndrome, Wermer syndrome)
• Obesity
• Pheochromocytoma
• Porphyria (Redirects: Acute intermittent porphyria, AIP)
• Serotonin syndrome
• Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (Redirects: SIADH)

Gastrointestinal disorders

• Acute liver failure (Redirects: ALF, Fulminant hepatic failure, Hepatic encephalopathy)

Chronic liver disease

• Cirrhosis (Redirects: Chronic liver failure)
• Hepatocellular carcinoma

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Redirects: Acid reflux, GERD, Heartburn)
• Hepatitis

Genetic disorders

• Amyloidosis
• Andersen-Tawil syndrome
• Antithrombin III deficiency
• Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome
• Brugada syndrome
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Congenital afibrinogenemia
• Cystic fibrosis (Redirects: CF)
• Down syndrome (Redirects: Trisomy 21)
• Dysfibrinogenemia
• Edwards syndrome (Redirects: Trisomy 18)
• Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (Redirects: EDS)
• Epidermolysis bullosa (Redirects: EB)
• Fabry disease
• Factor V Leiden
• Friedreich's ataxia
• Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
• Glycogen storage disease (Redirects: Aldolase A deficiency, Andersen disease, Cori's disease, Forbes' disease, Hers' disease, McArdle disease, Pompe disease, Tarui's disease, von Gierke's disease)
• Gray platelet syndrome
• Hemophilia
• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Redirects: HHT, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome)
• Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome
• Huntington's disease
• Hypoprothrombinemia
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
• Kallmann syndrome
• Klippel-Feil syndrome
• Liddle's syndrome
• Long QT syndrome
• Marfan syndrome
• May-Hegglin anomaly
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia
• Noonan syndrome
• Pierre Robin sequence
• Protein C deficiency
• Protein S deficiency
• Loeys-Dietz syndrome
• Muscular dystrophy (Redirects: Becker muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, Myotonic muscular dystrophy)
• Neurofibromatosis
• Mucopolysaccharidosis (Redirects: Hunter syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, Morquio syndrome, Natowicz syndrome, Sanfilippo syndrome, Scheie syndrome, Sly syndrome)
• Sickle cell disease
• Timothy syndrome
• Treacher Collins syndrome
• von Willebrand disease

Hematologic disorders

Coagulopathies

• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (Redirects: DIC, Purpura fulminans)

Hypercoagulable disorders

• Antiphospholipid syndrome (Redirects: APLS, APS)
• Antithrombin III deficiency (Redirects: ATIII deficiency)
• Essential thrombocythemia
• Factor V Leiden
• Protein C deficiency
• Protein S deficiency

Hypocoagulable disorders

• Evans syndrome
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome
• Congenital afibrinogenemia
• Dysfibrinogenemia
• Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
• Gray platelet syndrome
• Hemophilia (Redirects: Factor IX deficiency, Factor VII deficiency, Factor VIII deficiency, Factor X deficiency, Factor XI deficiency, Factor XII deficiency, Factor XIII deficiency, Haemophilia, Hemophilia A, Hemophilia B, Hemophilia C)
• Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (Redirects: HIT, HITT)
• Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome
• Hypoprothrombinemia
• Thrombocytopenic purpura (Redirects: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, ITP, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura, TTP, Upshaw–Schulman syndrome)
• May-Hegglin anomaly
• von Willebrand disease (Redirects: vWD)

Musculoskeletal disorders

Congenital musculoskeletal disorders

• Down syndrome
• Goldenhar syndrome
• Klippel-Feil syndrome (Redirects: KFS)
• Pierre Robin sequence (Redirects: PRS)
• Treacher Collins syndrome (Redirects: TCS)

Neurologic disorders

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Redirects: ALS)
• Autonomic dysreflexia
• Chronic pain (comorbidity)
• Dementia
• Dysautonomia
• Essential tremor
• Huntington's disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Parkinson's disease
• Seizures (Redirects: Epilepsy)
• Stroke
• Substance abuse (Redirects: Drug abuse)

Obstetric complications

• HELLP syndrome

Pulmonary disorders

• Asthma
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Redirects: COPD)
• Cystic fibrosis
• Obstructive sleep apnea (Redirects: OSA)
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Redirects: Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2)

Renal disorders

• Acute renal failure
• Chronic kidney disease (Redirects: CKD)
• Liddle's syndrome

Perioperative management

• Preoperative patient assessment and management
• Postoperative management

Pharmacology

Drug reference

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

• Edrophonium
• Neostigmine (Redirects: Bloxiverz)
• Physostigmine

Adrenergic receptor modulators

Redirects: Alpha agonists, Alpha antagonists, Beta agonists

Alpha-1 agonists

• Ephedrine
• Epinephrine (Redirects: Adrenaline)
• Norepinephrine (Redirects: Noradrenaline)
• Phenylephrine (Redirects: Neosynephrine)

Alpha-2 agonists

• Clonidine (Redirects: Catapres)
• Dexmedetomidine (Redirects: Precedex)

Alpha-1 antagonists

• Labetalol
• Phenoxybenzamine
• Phentolamine

Beta agonists

Beta-1 selective agonists

• Dobutamine

• Ephedrine
• Epinephrine
• Isoprenaline (Redirects: Isoproterenol)
• Norepinephrine

Beta blockers

Redirects: Beta antagonists

Beta-1 selective antagonists

• Esmolol (Redirects: Brevibloc)
• Metoprolol

• Labetalol

Analgesics

• Acetaminophen (Redirects: Tylenol)

Analgesic adjuvants

• Gabapentin (Redirects: Neurontin)
• Ketamine
• Lidocaine
• Pregabalin (Redirects: Lyrica)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Redirects: NSAIDs

• Aspirin (Redirects: Acetylsalicylic acid)
• Celecoxib (Redirects: Celebrex)
• Ibuprofen
• Ketorolac (Redirects: Toradol)

Opioid analgesics

• Alfentanil
• Buprenorphine
• Codeine
• Fentanyl
• Hydrocodone
• Hydromorphone
• Methadone
• Meperidine
• Morphine
• Oxycodone
• Remifentanil
• Sufentanil

Antibiotics

• Cefazolin (Redirects: Ancef, Kefzol)
• Clindamycin (Redirects: Cleocin)
• Vancomycin

Anticholinergics

• Atropine
• Glycopyrrolate

Antidotes

• Andexanet alfa (Redirects: Andexxa)
• Atropine
• Dantrolene
• Flumazenil
• Glucagon
• Hydroxocobalamin (Redirects: Vitamin B12)
• Methylene blue
• Physostigmine
• Naloxone
• Protamine
• Sugammadex (Redirects: Bridion)

Antiemetics

• Aprepitant (Redirects: Fosaprepitant, Emend)
• Dexamethasone
• Granisetron (Redirects: Kytril)
• Haloperidol (Redirects: Haldol)
• Metoclopramide (Redirects: Reglan)
• Ondansetron (Redirects: Zofran)
• Prochlorperazine (Redirects: Compazine)
• Promethazine (Redirects: Phenergan)
• Propofol
• Scopolamine (Redirects: Hyoscine)

Antihistamines

• Diphenhydramine (Redirects: Benadryl)
• Famotidine (Redirects: Pepcid)

Antithrombotics

Antiplatelet drugs

• Aspirin
• Clopidogrel (Redirects: Plavix)
• Ticagrelor (Redirects: Brilinta)

Anticoagulants

• Apixaban (Redirects: Eliquis)
• Argatroban
• Dabigatran (Redirects: Pradaxa)
• Fondaparinux
• Heparin
• Low-molecular-weight heparin (Redirects: Enoxaparin, Lovenox, LMWH)
• Rivaroxaban (Redirects: Xarelto)
• Warfarin (Redirects: Coumadin)

Thrombolytics

• Tissue plasminogen activator (Redirects: Alteplase, tPA)
• Streptokinase

Anxiolytics

• Diazepam
• Lorazepam
• Midazolam

Benzodiazepines

• Diazepam (Redirects: Valium)
• Flumazenil
• Lorazepam (Redirects: Ativan)
• Midazolam (Redirects: Versed)

Chronotropes

Redirects: Negative chronotropes, Positive chronotropes

Negative chronotropes

• Adenosine
• Beta blockers

Positive chronotropes

• Atropine
• Dobutamine
• Dopamine
• Ephedrine
• Epinephrine
• Glycopyrrolate
• Isoprenaline
• Milrinone
• Norepinephrine

Electrolytes

• Calcium chloride
• Calcium gluconate
• Magnesium sulfate
• Potassium chloride

General anesthetics

Inhalational anesthestics

Redirects: Volatile anesthetics

• Chloroethane (Redirects: Ethyl chloride)
• Chloroform
• Cyclopropane
• Desflurane (Redirects: Suprane)
• Diethyl ether (Redirects: Ether)
• Enflurane
• Halothane (Redirects: Fluothane)
• Isoflurane (Redirects: Forane)
• Methoxyflurane
• Nitrous oxide
• Sevoflurane (Redirects: Ultane)
• Xenon

Intravenous anesthetics

• Etomidate (Redirects: Amidate)
• Ketamine (Redirects: Esketamine, Ketalar)
• Methohexital (Redirects: Brevital)
• Propofol (Redirects: Diprivan)
• Thiopental (Redirects: Sodium pentothal)

Imaging dyes

• Fluorescein
• Indocyanine green
• Methylene blue (Redirects: Methylthioninium chloride)

Inodilators

• Dobutamine
• Milrinone (Redirects: Primacor)

Inotropes

Redirects: Negative inotropes, Positive inotropes

Negative inotropes

• Beta blockers

Positive inotropes

• Calcium chloride
• Calcium gluconate
• Dobutamine
• Dopamine
• Ephedrine
• Epinephrine
• Isoprenaline
• Milrinone
• Norepinephrine

Intravenous fluids

• Albumin
• Hetastarch (Redirects: Hydroxyethyl starch)
• Intravenous sugar solution (Redirects: D5, D50, D5W, D5NS, D5LR)
• Normal saline (Redirects: NS)
• Lactated Ringer's (Redirects: LR)
• Normosol
• Plasma-lyte
• Sodium bicarbonate

Local anesthetic adjuvants

• Clonidine
• Epinephrine
• Fentanyl
• Hydromorphone
• Ketamine
• Midazolam
• Morphine
• Neostigmine
• Sufentanil
• Sodium bicarbonate

Local anesthetics

• Benzocaine
• Bupivacaine (Redirects: Marcaine)
• Chloroprocaine (Redirects: Nesacaine)
• Procaine (Redirects: Novocain, Novocaine)
• Lidocaine (Redirects: Xylocaine)
• Mepivacaine (Redirects: Carbocaine)
• Ropivacaine (Redirects: Naropin)
• Tetracaine

Neuromuscular blockers

• Cisatracurium (Redirects: Nimbex)
• Mivacurium
• Rocuronium (Redirects: Zemuron)
• Succinylcholine (Redirects: Anectine)
• Vecuronium

Opioids

Opioid agonists

Opium alkaloids and derivatives

• Buprenorphine (Redirects: Subutex)
• Codeine
• Hydrocodone (Redirects: Vicodin)
• Hydromorphone (Redirects: Dilaudid)
• Morphine
• Oxycodone (Redirects: Oxycontin, Roxicodone)

Synthetic opioids

• Alfentanil (Redirects: Alfenta)
• Fentanyl (Redirects: Sublimaze)
• Methadone
• Meperidine (Redirects: Demerol, Pethidine)
• Remifentanil (Redirects: Ultiva)
• Sufentanil (Redirects: Sufenta)

• Tramadol (Redirects: Ultram)

Opioid antagonists

• Naloxone (Redirects: Narcan)
• Naltrexone

• Buprenorphine/naltrexone (Redirects: Suboxone)

Sedative hypnotics

• Dexmedetomidine
• Etomidate
• Ketamine
• Methohexital
• Midazolam
• Propofol
• Thiopental

Steroids

• Dexamethasone (Redirects: Decadron)
• Hydrocortisone

Uterotonics

• Carboprost (Redirects: Hemabate)
• Methylergometrine (Redirects: Methergine, Methylergonovine)
• Misoprostol (Redirects: Cytotec)
• Oxytocin (Redirects: Pitocin)

Vasodilators

Calcium channel blockers

• Clevidipine (Redirects: Cleviprex)
• Nicardipine (Redirects: Cardene)
• Nimodipine (Redirects: Nimotop)

Pulmonary vasodilators

• Nitric oxide (Redirects: NO)
• Epoprostenol (Redirects: Flolan, Prostacyclin, Prostaglandin I2)

• Dobutamine
• Fenoldopam (Redirects: Corlopam)
• Hydralazine
• Milrinone
• Nitroglycerin
• Sodium nitroprusside (Redirects: Nipride)
• Sildenafil (Redirects: Revatio, Viagra)

Vasoconstrictors

• Ephedrine
• Epinephrine
• Phenylephrine
• Norepinephrine
• Dopamine
• Vasopressin (Redirects: Vasostrict)

• Octreotide
• Equianalgesic (Redirects: MME, Morphine milligram equivalent)

• Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics

• Blood-gas partition coefficient
• Context sensitive half-life
• Ion trapping

Procedures in anesthesia

• Airway procedures

Vascular access procedures

• Arterial line (Redirects: Aline, Art line)
• Peripheral IV (Redirects: PIV)

Central line

• Central venous catheter (Redirects: Triple lumen)
• Introducer sheath
• Peripherally inserted central catheter (Redirects: PICC line)

• Special topics in anesthesia

Subspecialties in anesthesia

• Cardiothoracic anesthesia (adult)
• Critical care medicine
• Neuroanesthesia
• Obstetric anesthesia
• Pain medicine
• Pediatric anesthesia
• Pediatric cardiac anesthesia
• Perioperative medicine
• Regional anesthesia and acute pain
• Transplant anesthesia

Surgical procedure

Cardiac surgery

Revascularization procedures

• Coronary artery bypass graft (Redirects: CABG)
• Off-pump and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (Redirects: OPCAB, MICAB)
• Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (Redirects: PTCA)
• Transmyocardial laser revascularization
• Coronary endarterectomy

Valvular procedures

• Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (Redirects: TAVR, TAVI)
• Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (Redirects: TMVR, TMVI)
• Aortic valve repair or replacement (Redirects: AVR)
• Mitral valve repair or replacement (Redirects: MVR)
• Tricuspid valve repair or replacement
• Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty

Septal procedures

• Septal myectomy/myotomy
• Transcatheter closure of ASD or VSD
• Open repair of ASD or VSD

Aorta/Great vessel procedures

• Aortoplasty for supravalvular stenosis
• Repair of aortic aneurysm with graft

Pericardial procedures

• Pericardiocentesis
• Pericardiectomy

Myocardial procedures

• Excision of intracardiac tumor
• Ventriculomyotomy
• Ventricular aneurysmectomy

Circulatory assist procedures

• Insertion of permanently implantable aortic counterpulsation ventricular assist device (Redirects: VAD insertion)
• Insertion of percutaneous ventricular assist device (Redirects: pVAD insertion)
• Implantation of total replacement heart system (Redirects: Artificial heart, Total artificial heart)
• Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (Redirects: ECMO, Extracorporeal life support, ECLS)

Cardiac transplant procedures

• Heart transplant
• Heart-lung transplant

Electrophysiology procedures

• Insertion of pacemaker or ICD (Redirects: Pacemaker, Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, ICD)
• Intracardiac catheter ablation for the treatment of arrhythmia (Redirects: Ablation, Afib ablation)

General surgery

Biliary tract surgery

Cholecystectomy

• Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
• Open cholecystectomy

• Excision of bile duct tumor
• Choledochal cyst excision or anastomosis
• Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage
• Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Breast surgery

• Mastectomy
• Breast biopsy
• Sentinel lymph node biopsy

Colorectal surgery

Colectomy

• Laparoscopic cholectomy
• Open cholectomy

Anorectal surgery

• Hemorrhoidectomy
• Lateral internal sphincterotomy
• Incision and drainage of perianal abscess
• High Resolution Anoscopy (HRA)
• Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence

• Proctectomy

Rectal prolapse surgery

• Open abdominal rectopexy
• Minimally invasive rectopexy
• Perineal rectosigmoidectomy
• Mucosal sleeve resection (Redirects: Delorme Procedure)

Endocrine surgery

Adrenalectomy

• Minimally invasive adrenalectomy
• Open adrenalectomy

Thyroidectomy

• Minimally invasive thyroidectomy
• Open thyroidectomy

Parathyroidectomy

• Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP)
• Open parathyroidectomy

Esophageal surgery

• Cervical esophagostomy (Redirects: Esophagostomy)

Esophagectomy

• Thoracoabdominal esophagectomy
• Minimally invasive esophagectomy
• Transhiatal esophagectomy
• Ivor Lewis esophagectomy
• McKeown esophagectomy (Redirects: Tri-incisional esophagectomy)

Esophageal diverticulectomy

Redirects: Surgery for Zenker's divericulum

• Minimally invasive esophageal diverticulectomy
• Open esophageal diverticulectomy

Esophagomyotomy

Redirects: Heller myotomy

• Minimially invasive esophagomyotomy
• Open esophagomyotomy

Esophagastric fundoplication

Redirects: Nissen fundoplication

• Minimally invasive esophagastric fundoplication (Redirects: Laparoscopic esophagastric fundoplication, Robotic esophagastric fundoplication, Minimally invasive Nissen fundoplication)
• Open esophagastric fundoplication (Redirects: Open Nissen fundoplication)

• Surgical repair of esophageal perforation or rupture

Hepatic surgery

Hepatic resection

• Minimally invasive hepatic resection
• Open hepatic resection

• Hepatorrhaphy

Intestinal surgery

Appendectomy

• Laparoscopic appendectomy
• Open appendectomy

Small bowel resection

• Minimally invasive small bowel resection
• Open small bowel resection

• Meckel diverticulectomy

Ostomy procedure

• Minimally invasive ostomy procedure
• Open ostomy procedure

Duodenotomy

• Minimally invasive duodenotomy
• Open duodenotomy

Inguinal hernia repair

• Minimally invasive inguinal hernia repair
• Open inguinal hernia repair

Ventral hernia repair

• Minimally invasive ventral hernia repair
• Open ventral hernia repair

Enterolysis procedure

Redirects: Lysis of adhesions

• Minimally invasive enterolysis
• Open enterolysis

Closure of enteric fistula

• Minimally invasive closure of enteric fistula
• Open closure of enteric fistula

• Pancreatic surgery

Splenic surgery

• Splenectomy
• Splenorrhaphy (Redirects: Repair of ruptured spleen)

Stomach surgery

Gastric resection

• Minimally invasive gastric resection
• Open gastric resection

• Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) (Redirects: G-tube)

Surgical repair of gastric or duodenal perforation

• Open repair of gastric or duodenal perforation
• Minimally invasive repair of gastric or duodenal perforation

Gastric bypass surgery

• Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
• Open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
• Laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)
• Open biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)

Gastric restrictive surgery

• Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
• Open vertical sleeve gastrectomy

• Trauma surgery

Bariatric surgery

• Gastric bypass surgery
• Gastric restrictive surgery

• Oral and maxillofacial surgery (Redirects: OMFS)

Neurosurgery

Functional neurosurgery

• Deep brain stimulation (Redirects: DBS)
• Vagus nerve stimulation (Redirects: VNS)
• Responsive neurostimulation (Redirects: RNS)

Intracranial neurosurgery

• Awake craniotomy
• Bifrontal craniotomy for CSF leak
• Craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm
• Craniotomy for cerebral embolectomy
• Craniotomy for intracranial vascular malformations
• Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization (Redirects: ECIC bypass, EC-IC bypass)
• Craniotomy for tumor resection
• Craniotomy for trauma
• Transphenoidal resection of pituitary tumor
• Craniotomy for resection of epeleptogenic focus

Spinal neurosurgery

• Anterior cervical spine surgery
• Posterior cervical spine surgery
• Anterior thoracic spine surgery
• Posterior thoracic spine surgery
• Anterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery
• Posterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery

CSF aspiration, diversion, or shunt procedures

• Ventriculocisternostomy (Redirects: Torkildsen type operation)
• Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (Redirects: VP shunt)
• Ventriculoatrial shunt (Redirects: VA shunt, VAS)

Obstetric and gynecologic surgery

Redirects: OB/GYN

• Total abdominal hysterectomy (Redirects: Hysterectomy)
• Cesarean section (Redirects: C-Section)
• Dilation and curettage (Redirects: D&C)
• Hysteroscopy

Ophthalmic surgery

Redirects: Ophthomology

• Cataract surgery
• Corneal transplant
• Traveculectomy
• Ectropion repair
• Entropion repair
• Ptosis repair
• Eyelid reconstruction
• Pterygium excision
• Repair of ruptured of lacerated globe (Redirects: Ruptured globe, Lacerated globe)
• Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) (Redirects: DCR)
• Enucleation
• Orbitotomy

Orthopedic surgery

Hand surgery

• Hand or digit replantation
• Carpal tunnel release
• Fixation of fractures and dislocation of the wrist and hand
• Wrist arthroscopy
• Darrach procedure
• Arthrodesis of the wrist
• Excision of ganglion of the wrist
• Palmar and digital fasciectomy
• Repair of laceracted nerves/tendons of the hand
• Fixation of fractures and dislocations of the wrist and hand

• Sports surgery
• Spine surgery
• Foot and ankle surgery
• Joint replacement surgery
• Orthopedic oncology surgery

Otolaryngology

Redirects: ENT, Otorhinolaryngology

Neck procedures

• Laryngectomy
• Tracheotomy, Tracheostomy, and Cricothyroidotomy
• Tracheal resection
• Lymph node biopsy
• Submandibular gland excision

Nasal procedures

• Rhinoplasty and/or septoplasty

Sinus procedures

• Maxillectomy
• Nasal/sinus endoscopy

Pharyngeal procedures

• Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy
• Glossectomy

Esophageal procedures

• Zenker's diverticulectomy
• Esophagoscopy

Salivary and parotid procedures

• Parotidectomy

• Ear, audiovestibular, and temporal bone procedures

Airway procedures

• Laryngoscopy/bronchoscopy

• Out of OR

Pediatric surgery

• Pediatric Neurosurgery

Pediatric otorhinolaryngology

• Myringotomy for ear tubes

Pediatric cardiac surgery

• Anastomosis of pulmonary artery to aorta (Redirects: Damus-Kaye-Stan procedure)
• Ascending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt (Redirects: Waterson shunt)
• Banding of pulmonary artery
• Descending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt (Redirects: Potts-Smith shunt)
• Excision of coarctation of aorta
• Repair of pulmonary venous stenosis
• Repair of anomalous pulmonary venous return
• Repair of hypoplastic or interrupted aortic arch
• Repair of transposition of the great arteries
• Repair of truncus arteriosus (Redirects: Rastelli procedure)
• Repair of patent ductus arteriosus
• Subclavian to pulmonary artery shunt (Redirects: Blalock-Taussig shunt)
• Superior vena cava to pulmonary artery (Redirects: Glenn procedure)

• Plastic surgery (Redirects: Plastics)

Thoracic surgery

• Lobectomy
• Pneumonectomy
• Wedge resection of lobe (segmentectomy)
• Chest wall resection
• Repair of pectus excavatum or carinatum
• Thoracoplasty
• Drainage of empyema
• Tracheal resection
• Mediastinal tumor resection
• Mediastinoscopy
• Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) (Redirects: VATS)
• Thymectomy
• Lung volume reduction surgery
• Bronchopulmonary lavage
• Airway laser surgery
• Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) (Redirects: EBUS-TBNA)

Vascular surgery

• Carotid endarterectomy (Redirects: CEA)
• Varicose vein stripping and ablation
• Endovascular stent grafting of aortic aneurysms
• Permanent vascular access
• Arteriovenous access for hemodialysis (Redirects: AV shunt)
• Lumbar sympathectomy
• Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (Redirects: TIPS)

Urologic surgery

Redirects: Urology

• Prostatectomy

Gastroenterology procedures

• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
• Colonoscopy
• Upper GI endoscopy

Out-of-OR procedures

• Cardioversion
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (Redirects: ECT)

Burn surgery

• Burn wound debridement
• Burn wound skin grafting
• Burn wound scar revision